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Episode 1 14.03.2012
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What if the next generation of robot muscles were made of rubber, driven by static electricity, and could sense their own deformation? Federico Carpi introduces dielectric elastomer actuators , soft, lightweight, and already shipping in consumer electronics. Subscribe for more from the Convergent Science Network podcast series. Federico Carpi makes the case that conventional electric motors are fundamentally mismatched to the needs of robots that must interact closely with humans. They are rigid, noisy, energy-hungry, and made of materials nothing like biological tissue. His alternative: electroactive polymers, specifically dielectric elastomers , essentially sheets of insulating rubber sandwiched between compliant electrodes. When voltage is applied, electrostatic forces squeeze the rubber, causing it to expand laterally. The principle is pure Maxwell stress, not piezoelectricity, and the resulting actuators are soft, silent, lightweight, and remarkably versatile. What makes these materials particularly compelling is their intrinsic dual function as both actuator and sensor. Because the device is fundamentally a deformable capacitor, reading its capacitance during operation provides continuous information about its deformation state , no separate sensor required. This mirrors biological muscle, where actuation and proprioception are integrated in the same tissue. Carpi’s group has demonstrated stacked actuators for larger displacements, membrane actuators, bubble actuators, and linear actuators, all from the same basic material platform. The technology has already reached the consumer market. A major mobile phone manufacturer has replaced conventional vibration motors with dielectric elastomer films , thinner, lighter, and more power-efficient because capacitive loads draw minimal current despite requiring kilovolt-range voltages. Carpi addresses the voltage concern directly: while one kilovolt sounds alarming, the currents involved are tiny and the energy stored is comparable to the static shock from a car door. Compact voltage multipliers a few cubic millimeters in size handle the conversion from battery voltage. Four application areas stand out. Variable-stiffness rehabilitation devices can provide customized resistance for post-stroke hand therapy. Energy harvesting systems can convert ocean wave motion into electricity at potentially lower cost than any competing technology. Haptic displays , including a Braille reader that could enable full-page tactile output for blind users , exploit the material’s ability to create programmable surface textures. And biomimetic tunable lenses, inspired by the human eye’s ciliary muscle, can change focal length by deforming fluid-filled membranes, with prosthetic eye applications on the horizon.
Tagged as:
Dielectric Elastomer dielectric elastomers electroactive polymers Rubber Voltage
About the author call_made
Both the triumphs of humanity and its most evil deeds have resulted from collaboration. In a time where humanity is required to aspire to the former and minimize the latter, the question arises of how collaboration arises and why it fails. Surprisingly, this phenomenon, so central to who we are, is not well understood. Hence, a collaborative effort is required to understand collaboration in its full biological, psychological, sociological, cultural, and economic complexity and to translate this understanding into operational impact. This series of podcasts is one step toward achieving these complementary goals. The Collaboration Podcast presents interviews with people who are central orchestrators of collaboration in various domains including business, government, science, art, health, sustainability, and the military. The discussions were conducted by Prof. Dr. Paul F.M.J. Verschure and members of the Program Advisory Committee of the Ernst Strungmann Forum on Collaboration (https://www.esforum.de/forums/ESF32_Collaboration.html) during 2021 and had the goal to sketch a map of opportunities, challenges, and obstacles in human collaboration. The forum took place in May 2022, and now we would like to share this series of interviews with a broader audience. The full report of the Forum will be published in 2023 by MIT Press. The podcast was produced by the Convergent Science Network (https://www.convergentsciencenetwork.org/). Context: The stability of social systems depends critically on realizing sustainable methods of “collaboration,” yet how and by which means collaboration is achieved is not clearly understood; neither are the conditions or processes that lead to its breakdown or failure. Collaboration can be understood as cooperation between agents toward mutually constructed goals. Part of the reason for our lack of understanding is that the phenomenon of collaboration is, by nature, a highly multidisciplinary problem, and effective research into its complexities has been difficult to achieve across the broad range of scientific and technical disciplines involved. The need for a fundamental understanding of collaboration, however, has become increasingly important. Not only does humankind demand answers as it attempts to address critical challenges at multiple scales (e.g., climate change, migration, enhanced automation, social and economic inequality), but ever-increasing technological and economic means of interconnecting people and societies are disrupting long-established, familiar patterns of how we interact. Radical technological changes that are ongoing have the potential to reshape collaboration in ways that are currently hard to predict or influence (e.g., by altering configurations in interaction, information creation, and modes of communication). On one hand, such changes could disrupt hitherto stable forms of collaboration by affecting critical communication channels and traditional roles, as can be observed in the rapidly changing patterns in governance, commerce, and social interaction. Conversely, technology could lead to the emergence of novel, successful forms of collaboration that deviate from traditional “hierarchical” architectures. Evidence of this can be seen in areas as diverse as highly automated manufacturing plants, the open science movement, collaborative software repositories, user-centered services, and the sharing of economy-based modes of organization. Without a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms, processes, and boundary conditions of collaboration, it is not possible to evaluate or predict which of these possible scenarios are sustainable or even plausible. The Forum “How Collaboration Arises and Why it Fails” (May 8–13, 2022, Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany) Chairs: Andreas Roepstorff and Paul Verschure Program Advisory Committee: Jenna Bednar, Julia R. Lupp, Bhavani R. Rao , Andreas Roepstorff, Ferdinand von Siemens, and Paul Verschure
14.03.2012
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