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Episode 9 15.03.2019
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Can a magnetic pulse to the forehead restore what drugs have broken in the addicted brain? Pharmacologist Marco Diana explains how chronic drug use produces a hypodopaminergic state, a massive downregulation of the dopamine system, and why transcranial magnetic stimulation may offer a physiological alternative to treating addiction when no effective drugs exist. Subscribe for more from the Convergent Science Network podcast series. Marco Diana joins Paul Verschure and Tony Prescott to trace the neurobiology of addiction from the initial dopamine surge through chronic adaptation to the devastating consequences of withdrawal. The hypodopaminergic hypothesis holds that prolonged drug use, whether alcohol, cocaine, or opioids, forces the dopamine system to compensate for constant external stimulation by reducing its baseline activity. When the drug is removed, the system is left firing well below normal levels, producing a cascade of behavioral changes so profound that, as Diana puts it, a mother will say her addicted child is no longer the same person. The physiological evidence is stark: dopamine neuron firing rates drop, D2 receptors in the striatum decrease, and dendritic spine density in target regions like the nucleus accumbens collapses , representing a massive disconnection estimated at roughly forty percent of local circuitry. Diana explains why transcranial magnetic stimulation targeting the prefrontal cortex offers a promising intervention: it exploits a well-documented monosynaptic pathway from prefrontal cortex to the ventral tegmental area, potentially restoring dopaminergic tone without the systemic side effects and dangerous drug interactions that plague current pharmacological approaches. Key topics include why only about eighteen percent of drug users become addicts, how the cognitive and limbic systems are affected on different timescales, the evidence that cellular memory persists even after apparent physiological recovery, why no approved pharmacological treatment exists for cocaine addiction, and the emerging evidence that TMS can modulate not just neurotransmitter release but structural connectivity in the brain. Part of the Convergent Science Network podcast series from the BCBT Summer School.
Tagged as:
addiction dopamine Drug Magnetic Stimulation Physiological prefrontal cortex Transcranial Magnetic
About the author call_made
Both the triumphs of humanity and its most evil deeds have resulted from collaboration. In a time where humanity is required to aspire to the former and minimize the latter, the question arises of how collaboration arises and why it fails. Surprisingly, this phenomenon, so central to who we are, is not well understood. Hence, a collaborative effort is required to understand collaboration in its full biological, psychological, sociological, cultural, and economic complexity and to translate this understanding into operational impact. This series of podcasts is one step toward achieving these complementary goals. The Collaboration Podcast presents interviews with people who are central orchestrators of collaboration in various domains including business, government, science, art, health, sustainability, and the military. The discussions were conducted by Prof. Dr. Paul F.M.J. Verschure and members of the Program Advisory Committee of the Ernst Strungmann Forum on Collaboration (https://www.esforum.de/forums/ESF32_Collaboration.html) during 2021 and had the goal to sketch a map of opportunities, challenges, and obstacles in human collaboration. The forum took place in May 2022, and now we would like to share this series of interviews with a broader audience. The full report of the Forum will be published in 2023 by MIT Press. The podcast was produced by the Convergent Science Network (https://www.convergentsciencenetwork.org/). Context: The stability of social systems depends critically on realizing sustainable methods of “collaboration,” yet how and by which means collaboration is achieved is not clearly understood; neither are the conditions or processes that lead to its breakdown or failure. Collaboration can be understood as cooperation between agents toward mutually constructed goals. Part of the reason for our lack of understanding is that the phenomenon of collaboration is, by nature, a highly multidisciplinary problem, and effective research into its complexities has been difficult to achieve across the broad range of scientific and technical disciplines involved. The need for a fundamental understanding of collaboration, however, has become increasingly important. Not only does humankind demand answers as it attempts to address critical challenges at multiple scales (e.g., climate change, migration, enhanced automation, social and economic inequality), but ever-increasing technological and economic means of interconnecting people and societies are disrupting long-established, familiar patterns of how we interact. Radical technological changes that are ongoing have the potential to reshape collaboration in ways that are currently hard to predict or influence (e.g., by altering configurations in interaction, information creation, and modes of communication). On one hand, such changes could disrupt hitherto stable forms of collaboration by affecting critical communication channels and traditional roles, as can be observed in the rapidly changing patterns in governance, commerce, and social interaction. Conversely, technology could lead to the emergence of novel, successful forms of collaboration that deviate from traditional “hierarchical” architectures. Evidence of this can be seen in areas as diverse as highly automated manufacturing plants, the open science movement, collaborative software repositories, user-centered services, and the sharing of economy-based modes of organization. Without a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms, processes, and boundary conditions of collaboration, it is not possible to evaluate or predict which of these possible scenarios are sustainable or even plausible. The Forum “How Collaboration Arises and Why it Fails” (May 8–13, 2022, Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany) Chairs: Andreas Roepstorff and Paul Verschure Program Advisory Committee: Jenna Bednar, Julia R. Lupp, Bhavani R. Rao , Andreas Roepstorff, Ferdinand von Siemens, and Paul Verschure
15.03.2019
15.03.2019
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