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Episode 4 15.03.2015
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Can stress experienced by a mother rat change the brains of her great-grandchildren , and what does that tell us about how early experience shapes human development? Neuroscientist Brian Kolb presents evidence that epigenetic effects of stress, tactile stimulation, and drugs of abuse persist across at least four generations, with profound implications for understanding literacy, cognitive development, and public health. Subscribe for more from the Convergent Science Network podcast series. Brian Kolb joins Paul Verschure and Tony Prescott at the BCBT summer school to discuss how experience interacts with gene expression to reshape brain circuits and behavior across generations. His research methodology follows a systematic pipeline: first identify behavioral changes, then locate synaptic reorganization in the brain using Golgi staining, then drill down to gene expression changes using methylation analysis and gene chip arrays. Using this approach, Kolb demonstrates that prenatal stress in rats produces increased anxiety, impaired motor and cognitive skills, and measurable changes in prefrontal cortex synaptic organization , effects that persist through at least four generations and can even be transmitted indirectly through a stressed animal’s communication with its unstressed mate. The discussion bridges animal research and human development through a compelling analysis of vocabulary acquisition. Children in higher socioeconomic status families are exposed to roughly one million more words by age three, largely through serve-and-return social interaction, setting them on a trajectory that eight years of schooling fails to reverse. Kolb presents evidence from Cuba, South Carolina, and Sweden showing that early intervention programs that pour resources into the first three years of life produce dramatic improvements in literacy and cognitive skills, regardless of the population’s baseline. He connects this to his animal work through the mechanism of tactile stimulation, which releases FGF2 and produces widespread synaptic changes and enhanced cognitive abilities in offspring. Key topics include how stress, drugs, and tactile stimulation each leave distinct epigenetic footprints in the brain, why bystander stress transmitted through ultrasonic vocalizations affects offspring development, how early stress may inoculate against later stressors at the cost of reduced cognitive capacity, what the Barker hypothesis predicts about adaptive responses to dangerous environments, and why the first three years of life represent a critical window that determines lifelong cognitive trajectories. Part of the Convergent Science Network podcast series from the BCBT Summer School.
Tagged as:
brain plasticity Cognitive epigenetics Kolb Evidence Least Generations Stress Tactile Stimulation
About the author call_made
Both the triumphs of humanity and its most evil deeds have resulted from collaboration. In a time where humanity is required to aspire to the former and minimize the latter, the question arises of how collaboration arises and why it fails. Surprisingly, this phenomenon, so central to who we are, is not well understood. Hence, a collaborative effort is required to understand collaboration in its full biological, psychological, sociological, cultural, and economic complexity and to translate this understanding into operational impact. This series of podcasts is one step toward achieving these complementary goals. The Collaboration Podcast presents interviews with people who are central orchestrators of collaboration in various domains including business, government, science, art, health, sustainability, and the military. The discussions were conducted by Prof. Dr. Paul F.M.J. Verschure and members of the Program Advisory Committee of the Ernst Strungmann Forum on Collaboration (https://www.esforum.de/forums/ESF32_Collaboration.html) during 2021 and had the goal to sketch a map of opportunities, challenges, and obstacles in human collaboration. The forum took place in May 2022, and now we would like to share this series of interviews with a broader audience. The full report of the Forum will be published in 2023 by MIT Press. The podcast was produced by the Convergent Science Network (https://www.convergentsciencenetwork.org/). Context: The stability of social systems depends critically on realizing sustainable methods of “collaboration,” yet how and by which means collaboration is achieved is not clearly understood; neither are the conditions or processes that lead to its breakdown or failure. Collaboration can be understood as cooperation between agents toward mutually constructed goals. Part of the reason for our lack of understanding is that the phenomenon of collaboration is, by nature, a highly multidisciplinary problem, and effective research into its complexities has been difficult to achieve across the broad range of scientific and technical disciplines involved. The need for a fundamental understanding of collaboration, however, has become increasingly important. Not only does humankind demand answers as it attempts to address critical challenges at multiple scales (e.g., climate change, migration, enhanced automation, social and economic inequality), but ever-increasing technological and economic means of interconnecting people and societies are disrupting long-established, familiar patterns of how we interact. Radical technological changes that are ongoing have the potential to reshape collaboration in ways that are currently hard to predict or influence (e.g., by altering configurations in interaction, information creation, and modes of communication). On one hand, such changes could disrupt hitherto stable forms of collaboration by affecting critical communication channels and traditional roles, as can be observed in the rapidly changing patterns in governance, commerce, and social interaction. Conversely, technology could lead to the emergence of novel, successful forms of collaboration that deviate from traditional “hierarchical” architectures. Evidence of this can be seen in areas as diverse as highly automated manufacturing plants, the open science movement, collaborative software repositories, user-centered services, and the sharing of economy-based modes of organization. Without a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms, processes, and boundary conditions of collaboration, it is not possible to evaluate or predict which of these possible scenarios are sustainable or even plausible. The Forum “How Collaboration Arises and Why it Fails” (May 8–13, 2022, Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany) Chairs: Andreas Roepstorff and Paul Verschure Program Advisory Committee: Jenna Bednar, Julia R. Lupp, Bhavani R. Rao , Andreas Roepstorff, Ferdinand von Siemens, and Paul Verschure
15.03.2015
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