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Episode 2 15.03.2019
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How many systems does the mammalian brain actually have, and what is each one really doing? Neuroscientist Bjorn Merker challenges conventional anatomical boundaries and proposes that the brain’s major subdivisions, neocortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, and brainstem, each perform a distinct generic function, running in parallel all the time rather than switching on and off. Subscribe for more from the Convergent Science Network podcast series. Bjorn Merker joins Paul Verschure and Tony Prescott for a wide-ranging tutorial on brain systems architecture. He begins by questioning how we define a system at all, showing that textbook divisions like midbrain and diencephalon dissolve under embryological and molecular scrutiny. Instead, he argues that genuine systems should exhibit redundant internal structure reflecting a generic function , as the crystalline circuitry of the cerebellum or the uniform laminar organization of neocortex clearly do. From this principle, he derives a functional decomposition: neocortex performs veridical source reconstruction across all sensory afferents, solving the inverse problems that plague perception; basal ganglia handle action selection and policy; cerebellum contributes decorrelation and calibration. The discussion challenges the standard view that higher brain systems replace lower ones. Merker advocates a Jacksonian layered control model where every level runs its generic computation continuously in parallel, with higher levels adding new capacities rather than suppressing old ones. He illustrates this with eye-blink conditioning, where anticipatory and reflexive responses coexist, and with the evolutionary persistence of the superior colliculus alongside cortical vision. The conversation also explores why the brain’s massive learning structures, cortex, cerebellum, basal ganglia, scale together in evolution, and why hippocampus sits at the apex of cortical hierarchy as a hinge converting feedforward into feedback processing. Key topics include the bowtie architecture of cortical connectivity, why volumetric scaling predicts learning capacity, the developmental sensitivity versus adult robustness of brain systems, and how frontal-limbic-hippocampal circuits form the densely interconnected hub of the mammalian brain. Part of the Convergent Science Network podcast series from the BCBT Summer School.
Tagged as:
Basal Ganglia brain architecture brain systems Cerebellum Basal Cortical Mammalian Brain neocortex
About the author call_made
Both the triumphs of humanity and its most evil deeds have resulted from collaboration. In a time where humanity is required to aspire to the former and minimize the latter, the question arises of how collaboration arises and why it fails. Surprisingly, this phenomenon, so central to who we are, is not well understood. Hence, a collaborative effort is required to understand collaboration in its full biological, psychological, sociological, cultural, and economic complexity and to translate this understanding into operational impact. This series of podcasts is one step toward achieving these complementary goals. The Collaboration Podcast presents interviews with people who are central orchestrators of collaboration in various domains including business, government, science, art, health, sustainability, and the military. The discussions were conducted by Prof. Dr. Paul F.M.J. Verschure and members of the Program Advisory Committee of the Ernst Strungmann Forum on Collaboration (https://www.esforum.de/forums/ESF32_Collaboration.html) during 2021 and had the goal to sketch a map of opportunities, challenges, and obstacles in human collaboration. The forum took place in May 2022, and now we would like to share this series of interviews with a broader audience. The full report of the Forum will be published in 2023 by MIT Press. The podcast was produced by the Convergent Science Network (https://www.convergentsciencenetwork.org/). Context: The stability of social systems depends critically on realizing sustainable methods of “collaboration,” yet how and by which means collaboration is achieved is not clearly understood; neither are the conditions or processes that lead to its breakdown or failure. Collaboration can be understood as cooperation between agents toward mutually constructed goals. Part of the reason for our lack of understanding is that the phenomenon of collaboration is, by nature, a highly multidisciplinary problem, and effective research into its complexities has been difficult to achieve across the broad range of scientific and technical disciplines involved. The need for a fundamental understanding of collaboration, however, has become increasingly important. Not only does humankind demand answers as it attempts to address critical challenges at multiple scales (e.g., climate change, migration, enhanced automation, social and economic inequality), but ever-increasing technological and economic means of interconnecting people and societies are disrupting long-established, familiar patterns of how we interact. Radical technological changes that are ongoing have the potential to reshape collaboration in ways that are currently hard to predict or influence (e.g., by altering configurations in interaction, information creation, and modes of communication). On one hand, such changes could disrupt hitherto stable forms of collaboration by affecting critical communication channels and traditional roles, as can be observed in the rapidly changing patterns in governance, commerce, and social interaction. Conversely, technology could lead to the emergence of novel, successful forms of collaboration that deviate from traditional “hierarchical” architectures. Evidence of this can be seen in areas as diverse as highly automated manufacturing plants, the open science movement, collaborative software repositories, user-centered services, and the sharing of economy-based modes of organization. Without a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms, processes, and boundary conditions of collaboration, it is not possible to evaluate or predict which of these possible scenarios are sustainable or even plausible. The Forum “How Collaboration Arises and Why it Fails” (May 8–13, 2022, Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany) Chairs: Andreas Roepstorff and Paul Verschure Program Advisory Committee: Jenna Bednar, Julia R. Lupp, Bhavani R. Rao , Andreas Roepstorff, Ferdinand von Siemens, and Paul Verschure
15.03.2019
15.03.2019
15.03.2019
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