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Episode 5 08.03.2010
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Can neuroscience tell us what consciousness really is , even when introspection and behavior fall short? Victor Lamme argues that recurrent neural processing, not global workspace activation, is the fundamental ingredient of conscious experience. Subscribe for more from the Convergent Science Network podcast series. Viktor Lamme opens with a challenge to the dominant paradigm in consciousness research: if we cannot reliably know what we are conscious of at any given moment, then searching for neural correlates of consciousness is fundamentally misguided. Instead, he proposes building a definition of consciousness from neuroscientific evidence itself , using neural arguments rather than behavioral reports to determine when and where conscious experience occurs. At the core of his theory are four stages of cortical processing. Stages one and two involve feedforward activation, shallow or deep, that can reach prefrontal cortex and trigger cognitive functions like attention and inhibitory control, yet remain entirely unconscious. Stages three and four involve recurrent or reentrant processing, where higher areas feed back into lower areas. Lamme’s central claim is that recurrent processing is both necessary and sufficient for consciousness. Even localized recurrence between early visual areas produces a conscious percept, albeit a primitive one, while widespread recurrence incorporating frontoparietal networks adds reportability and cognitive access without adding consciousness itself. This directly challenges global workspace theory, which holds that prefrontal-parietal broadcasting is essential for conscious experience. Lamme argues that this conflates consciousness with attention, cognitive control, and reportability. He points to evidence that prefrontal activation can occur without consciousness and that consciousness can occur without prefrontal involvement. The distinction matters clinically and scientifically: if consciousness requires only local recurrence, then patients and experimental subjects may have rich conscious experiences that they simply cannot report. The interview takes a molecular turn when Lamme describes experiments showing that recurrent signals in monkey visual cortex depend on NMDA receptors, while feedforward signals rely on AMPA receptors. This dissociation suggests that conscious processing may be uniquely linked to synaptic plasticity , raising the provocative prediction that there is no such thing as truly unconscious learning. Every instance of learning in the literature that Lamme has examined involves conditions where local recurrent processing could plausibly be occurring, even if global reportability is absent.
Tagged as:
Conscious Experience consciousness Global Workspace Recurrent recurrent processing Stages Involve
About the author call_made
Both the triumphs of humanity and its most evil deeds have resulted from collaboration. In a time where humanity is required to aspire to the former and minimize the latter, the question arises of how collaboration arises and why it fails. Surprisingly, this phenomenon, so central to who we are, is not well understood. Hence, a collaborative effort is required to understand collaboration in its full biological, psychological, sociological, cultural, and economic complexity and to translate this understanding into operational impact. This series of podcasts is one step toward achieving these complementary goals. The Collaboration Podcast presents interviews with people who are central orchestrators of collaboration in various domains including business, government, science, art, health, sustainability, and the military. The discussions were conducted by Prof. Dr. Paul F.M.J. Verschure and members of the Program Advisory Committee of the Ernst Strungmann Forum on Collaboration (https://www.esforum.de/forums/ESF32_Collaboration.html) during 2021 and had the goal to sketch a map of opportunities, challenges, and obstacles in human collaboration. The forum took place in May 2022, and now we would like to share this series of interviews with a broader audience. The full report of the Forum will be published in 2023 by MIT Press. The podcast was produced by the Convergent Science Network (https://www.convergentsciencenetwork.org/). Context: The stability of social systems depends critically on realizing sustainable methods of “collaboration,” yet how and by which means collaboration is achieved is not clearly understood; neither are the conditions or processes that lead to its breakdown or failure. Collaboration can be understood as cooperation between agents toward mutually constructed goals. Part of the reason for our lack of understanding is that the phenomenon of collaboration is, by nature, a highly multidisciplinary problem, and effective research into its complexities has been difficult to achieve across the broad range of scientific and technical disciplines involved. The need for a fundamental understanding of collaboration, however, has become increasingly important. Not only does humankind demand answers as it attempts to address critical challenges at multiple scales (e.g., climate change, migration, enhanced automation, social and economic inequality), but ever-increasing technological and economic means of interconnecting people and societies are disrupting long-established, familiar patterns of how we interact. Radical technological changes that are ongoing have the potential to reshape collaboration in ways that are currently hard to predict or influence (e.g., by altering configurations in interaction, information creation, and modes of communication). On one hand, such changes could disrupt hitherto stable forms of collaboration by affecting critical communication channels and traditional roles, as can be observed in the rapidly changing patterns in governance, commerce, and social interaction. Conversely, technology could lead to the emergence of novel, successful forms of collaboration that deviate from traditional “hierarchical” architectures. Evidence of this can be seen in areas as diverse as highly automated manufacturing plants, the open science movement, collaborative software repositories, user-centered services, and the sharing of economy-based modes of organization. Without a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms, processes, and boundary conditions of collaboration, it is not possible to evaluate or predict which of these possible scenarios are sustainable or even plausible. The Forum “How Collaboration Arises and Why it Fails” (May 8–13, 2022, Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany) Chairs: Andreas Roepstorff and Paul Verschure Program Advisory Committee: Jenna Bednar, Julia R. Lupp, Bhavani R. Rao , Andreas Roepstorff, Ferdinand von Siemens, and Paul Verschure
Exploring the convergence of neuroscience, robotics, and AI through conversations with leading researchers since 2010.
A project of the Convergent Science Network Foundation.
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