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Episode 1 14.03.2011
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How do flowers deceive insects into pollinating them , and what does this reveal about how olfactory systems encode meaning? Bill Hansson explores the evolutionary arms race between plants and pollinators through the lens of insect chemosensory neuroscience. Subscribe for more from the Convergent Science Network podcast series. Bill Hansson studies olfaction in insects, and his entry point is one of nature’s most elaborate deceptions. One-third of all orchid species are deceptive , they attract pollinators without offering nectar rewards, instead mimicking the chemical signatures of food, mates, or egg-laying sites with extraordinary precision. Hansson describes flowers that replicate the individual odor variation of female bees so accurately that males never learn to avoid them, and Mediterranean lilies that mimic both the volatile chemistry and the elevated temperature of rotting flesh to lure egg-laying flies into their chambers. These deceptive systems serve as powerful experimental tools. Because evolutionary pressure demands that the mimicry be nearly perfect, deceptive flowers effectively reveal which chemical features matter most to the insect brain. Hansson’s laboratory uses this insight in reverse: by identifying the behaviorally relevant compounds through the deception, they can probe the olfactory system with precisely the stimuli it evolved to detect. The approach has been transformed by advances in single-neuron electrophysiology and optical imaging of the antennal lobe , the insect brain’s first olfactory processing center. A surprising finding emerges from comparing input and output patterns in the Drosophila antennal lobe. At the receptor neuron level, there is no clear clustering of activation patterns by behavioral valence , attractive and repulsive odors look similar. But at the projection neuron output, attractive and repulsive patterns separate cleanly. This suggests the antennal lobe performs a valence-sorting operation, not just odor discrimination, before information even reaches the mushroom bodies traditionally associated with learning and memory. Hansson speculates that this early valence coding may serve the direct pathway to the lateral horn, which bypasses the mushroom bodies entirely and may mediate reflexive behavioral responses. The interview also examines a remarkable case of evolutionary specialization in Drosophila sechellia, a species that feeds exclusively on a single toxic fruit. This fly has sacrificed several receptor types used by its generalist relatives and massively expanded both the peripheral neurons and the central brain regions dedicated to detecting its host fruit , achieving detection thresholds rivaling moth pheromone systems at picogram concentrations.
Tagged as:
antennal lobe Attractive Repulsive Evolutionary Insect Brain insect olfaction Olfactory
About the author call_made
Both the triumphs of humanity and its most evil deeds have resulted from collaboration. In a time where humanity is required to aspire to the former and minimize the latter, the question arises of how collaboration arises and why it fails. Surprisingly, this phenomenon, so central to who we are, is not well understood. Hence, a collaborative effort is required to understand collaboration in its full biological, psychological, sociological, cultural, and economic complexity and to translate this understanding into operational impact. This series of podcasts is one step toward achieving these complementary goals. The Collaboration Podcast presents interviews with people who are central orchestrators of collaboration in various domains including business, government, science, art, health, sustainability, and the military. The discussions were conducted by Prof. Dr. Paul F.M.J. Verschure and members of the Program Advisory Committee of the Ernst Strungmann Forum on Collaboration (https://www.esforum.de/forums/ESF32_Collaboration.html) during 2021 and had the goal to sketch a map of opportunities, challenges, and obstacles in human collaboration. The forum took place in May 2022, and now we would like to share this series of interviews with a broader audience. The full report of the Forum will be published in 2023 by MIT Press. The podcast was produced by the Convergent Science Network (https://www.convergentsciencenetwork.org/). Context: The stability of social systems depends critically on realizing sustainable methods of “collaboration,” yet how and by which means collaboration is achieved is not clearly understood; neither are the conditions or processes that lead to its breakdown or failure. Collaboration can be understood as cooperation between agents toward mutually constructed goals. Part of the reason for our lack of understanding is that the phenomenon of collaboration is, by nature, a highly multidisciplinary problem, and effective research into its complexities has been difficult to achieve across the broad range of scientific and technical disciplines involved. The need for a fundamental understanding of collaboration, however, has become increasingly important. Not only does humankind demand answers as it attempts to address critical challenges at multiple scales (e.g., climate change, migration, enhanced automation, social and economic inequality), but ever-increasing technological and economic means of interconnecting people and societies are disrupting long-established, familiar patterns of how we interact. Radical technological changes that are ongoing have the potential to reshape collaboration in ways that are currently hard to predict or influence (e.g., by altering configurations in interaction, information creation, and modes of communication). On one hand, such changes could disrupt hitherto stable forms of collaboration by affecting critical communication channels and traditional roles, as can be observed in the rapidly changing patterns in governance, commerce, and social interaction. Conversely, technology could lead to the emergence of novel, successful forms of collaboration that deviate from traditional “hierarchical” architectures. Evidence of this can be seen in areas as diverse as highly automated manufacturing plants, the open science movement, collaborative software repositories, user-centered services, and the sharing of economy-based modes of organization. Without a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms, processes, and boundary conditions of collaboration, it is not possible to evaluate or predict which of these possible scenarios are sustainable or even plausible. The Forum “How Collaboration Arises and Why it Fails” (May 8–13, 2022, Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany) Chairs: Andreas Roepstorff and Paul Verschure Program Advisory Committee: Jenna Bednar, Julia R. Lupp, Bhavani R. Rao , Andreas Roepstorff, Ferdinand von Siemens, and Paul Verschure
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