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Episode 6 15.03.2018
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Why do grid cells, the brain’s metric system for space, appear last in development, days after place cells and head direction cells are already active? Neuroscientist Francesca Cacucci explains what the developmental sequence of spatial circuits in the rat hippocampus reveals about how the navigation system bootstraps itself, and why the sudden emergence of grid cells around postnatal day 20 may mark a genuine cognitive transition. Subscribe for more from the Convergent Science Network podcast series. Francesca Cacucci joins Paul Verschure and Tony Prescott at the BCBT summer school to discuss her research on the development of spatial representations in the rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Her laboratory has documented a clear developmental timeline: head direction cells appear first, as early as postnatal day 12–13, providing a compass signal before the eyes even open. Place-like responses emerge gradually from around postnatal day 16, initially broad and concentrated near environmental boundaries. Grid cells then appear abruptly around postnatal day 20 , coinciding with the onset of organized exploratory behavior and the age at which rats first succeed on hippocampal-dependent spatial tasks. The discussion challenges the original assumption that grid cells are the primary input driving place cell formation. Since place-like responses precede grid cells developmentally, Cacucci proposes that early place responses are broad associative responses combining head direction signals with boundary features, and that grid cells provide the metric sharpening needed to refine these into precise spatial representations. This is supported by evidence that when grid cells are pharmacologically disrupted in adults, new place fields in novel environments revert to boundary-anchored, broad responses , exactly what is seen in pre-grid-cell pups. The conversation explores parallels with human cognitive development, including the relationship to Piaget’s stage theory and the surprising evidence that allocentric spatial processing may be the default mode across cultures rather than egocentric processing. Cacucci argues that development is not merely gradual refinement but includes sudden transitions , and understanding what triggers these transitions at the neural level is one of the field’s most important open questions. She advocates for moving spatial neuroscience out of featureless laboratory boxes and into more naturalistic environments. Key topics include the developmental sequence of spatial cell types, the relationship between grid cells and exploratory behavior, attractor network models versus oscillatory models, why head direction cells precede all other spatial signals, and what comparative and cross-cultural evidence tells us about the evolution of spatial cognition. Part of the Convergent Science Network podcast series from the BCBT Summer School.
Tagged as:
Around Postnatal Direction Cells grid cells Head Direction hippocampus development Spatial
About the author call_made
Both the triumphs of humanity and its most evil deeds have resulted from collaboration. In a time where humanity is required to aspire to the former and minimize the latter, the question arises of how collaboration arises and why it fails. Surprisingly, this phenomenon, so central to who we are, is not well understood. Hence, a collaborative effort is required to understand collaboration in its full biological, psychological, sociological, cultural, and economic complexity and to translate this understanding into operational impact. This series of podcasts is one step toward achieving these complementary goals. The Collaboration Podcast presents interviews with people who are central orchestrators of collaboration in various domains including business, government, science, art, health, sustainability, and the military. The discussions were conducted by Prof. Dr. Paul F.M.J. Verschure and members of the Program Advisory Committee of the Ernst Strungmann Forum on Collaboration (https://www.esforum.de/forums/ESF32_Collaboration.html) during 2021 and had the goal to sketch a map of opportunities, challenges, and obstacles in human collaboration. The forum took place in May 2022, and now we would like to share this series of interviews with a broader audience. The full report of the Forum will be published in 2023 by MIT Press. The podcast was produced by the Convergent Science Network (https://www.convergentsciencenetwork.org/). Context: The stability of social systems depends critically on realizing sustainable methods of “collaboration,” yet how and by which means collaboration is achieved is not clearly understood; neither are the conditions or processes that lead to its breakdown or failure. Collaboration can be understood as cooperation between agents toward mutually constructed goals. Part of the reason for our lack of understanding is that the phenomenon of collaboration is, by nature, a highly multidisciplinary problem, and effective research into its complexities has been difficult to achieve across the broad range of scientific and technical disciplines involved. The need for a fundamental understanding of collaboration, however, has become increasingly important. Not only does humankind demand answers as it attempts to address critical challenges at multiple scales (e.g., climate change, migration, enhanced automation, social and economic inequality), but ever-increasing technological and economic means of interconnecting people and societies are disrupting long-established, familiar patterns of how we interact. Radical technological changes that are ongoing have the potential to reshape collaboration in ways that are currently hard to predict or influence (e.g., by altering configurations in interaction, information creation, and modes of communication). On one hand, such changes could disrupt hitherto stable forms of collaboration by affecting critical communication channels and traditional roles, as can be observed in the rapidly changing patterns in governance, commerce, and social interaction. Conversely, technology could lead to the emergence of novel, successful forms of collaboration that deviate from traditional “hierarchical” architectures. Evidence of this can be seen in areas as diverse as highly automated manufacturing plants, the open science movement, collaborative software repositories, user-centered services, and the sharing of economy-based modes of organization. Without a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms, processes, and boundary conditions of collaboration, it is not possible to evaluate or predict which of these possible scenarios are sustainable or even plausible. The Forum “How Collaboration Arises and Why it Fails” (May 8–13, 2022, Location: Frankfurt am Main, Germany) Chairs: Andreas Roepstorff and Paul Verschure Program Advisory Committee: Jenna Bednar, Julia R. Lupp, Bhavani R. Rao , Andreas Roepstorff, Ferdinand von Siemens, and Paul Verschure
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